The dynamic nature and regulation of the root clock

Plants explore the soil by continuously expanding their root system, a process that depends on the production of lateral roots (LRs). Sites where LRs can be produced are specified in the primary root axis through a pre-patterning mechanism, determined by a biological clock that is coordinated by temporal signals and positional cues. This 'root clock' generates an oscillatory signal that is translated into a developmental cue to specify a set of founder cells for LR formation. In this Review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms underlying the oscillatory signal and discuss how a periodic signal contributes to the conversion of founder cells into LR primordia. We also provide an overview of the phases of the root clock that may be influenced by endogenous factors, such as the plant hormone auxin, and by exogenous environmental cues. Finally, we discuss additional aspects of the root-branching process that act independently of the root clock.