Slow ring flips in aromatic cluster of GB1 studied by aromatic ¹³C relaxation dispersion methods

Ring flips of phenylalanine and tyrosine are a hallmark of protein dynamics. They report on transient breathing motions of proteins. In addition, flip rates also depend on stabilizing interactions in the ground state, like aromatic stacking or cation-π interaction. So far, experimental studies of ring flips have almost exclusively been performed on aromatic rings without stabilizing interactions. Here we investigate ring flip dynamics of Phe and Tyr in the aromatic cluster in GB1. We found that all four residues of the cluster, Y3, F30, Y45 and F52, display slow ring flips. Interestingly, F52, the central residue of the cluster, which makes aromatic contacts with all three others, is flipping significantly faster, while the other rings are flipping with the same rates within margin of error. Determined activation enthalpies and activation volumes of these processes are in the same range of other reported ring flips of single aromatic rings. There is no correlation of the number of aromatic stacking interactions to the activation enthalpy, and no correlation of the ring's extent of burying to the activation volume. Because of these findings, we speculate that F52 is undergoing concerted ring flips with each of the other rings.