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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work in concert with cyclins to control cell cycle transitions. M-Cdk, a complex of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin, is a well-known example of this coordinated control that drives the transition from the G2 to the M phase.
M cyclin...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

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Cohesin Removal Reprograms Gene Expression upon Mitotic Entry.

Carlos Perea-Resa1, Leah Bury2, Iain M Cheeseman2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Molecular Cell
|February 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitotic gene expression relies on cohesin removal from chromosome arms. This process allows RNA polymerase II dissociation, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation and proper G1 gene activation.

Keywords:
RNA Pol IIWAPLcentromerecohesinmitotic transcriptionprophase pathway

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • During mitosis, cells undergo significant genomic restructuring and gene expression changes for chromosome segregation.
  • Mechanisms controlling gene expression during mitosis remain largely unknown.
  • Transcriptionally active RNA polymerase II (Pol II) persists at centromeres, unlike in transcribed genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of mitotic transcriptional regulation.
  • To investigate the role of cohesin in retaining RNA polymerase II at centromeres during mitosis.
  • To understand how cohesin removal impacts gene expression and chromosome segregation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the role of chromatin-bound cohesin in retaining elongating Pol II at centromeres.
  • Examined the effect of WAPL-mediated cohesin removal from chromosome arms during prophase.
  • Assessed the consequences of failed cohesin/Pol II dissociation on mitotic gene expression and chromosome segregation.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin-bound cohesin is essential for retaining elongating Pol II at centromeres.
  • WAPL-mediated cohesin removal from chromosome arms in prophase is crucial for Pol II and nascent transcript dissociation.
  • Failure to remove cohesin/Pol II from chromosome arms alters mitotic gene expression and impairs chromosome segregation.

Conclusions:

  • Prophase cohesin removal is a critical step in reprogramming gene expression during the G2/M/G1 transition.
  • This process is vital for accurate chromosome segregation and timely gene activation in G1.
  • Cohesin dynamics play a key role in coordinating genome restructuring with transcriptional regulation during cell division.