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Propagation of Action Potentials

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle

The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Published on: March 21, 2012

A model for time interval learning in the Purkinje cell.

Daniel Majoral^1,2, Ajmal Zemmar^1,3, Raul Vicente^1,2

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Zengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zengzhou, Henan, China.

Plos Computational Biology

|February 11, 2020

Summary

A new biophysical model explains how Purkinje cells learn time intervals using intracellular calcium signaling, not just synaptic weights. This computational model advances understanding of cerebellar function and temporal processing.

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Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

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Purkinje Cell Survival in Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

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Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

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Published on: June 24, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Biophysics

Background:

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are crucial for motor learning and timing.
Conventional models focus on synaptic plasticity, but recent findings suggest intracellular mechanisms are involved in temporal interval representation.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel biophysical model for time interval learning in Purkinje cells.
To account for experimental findings suggesting intracellular mechanisms for temporal processing.

Main Methods:

A numerical model simulating a delay conditioning task (e.g., eyeblink conditioning).
The model incorporates intracellular calcium stores activated by parallel fiber input.
Feedback loops involving calcium and proteins modulate Purkinje cell inhibition timing.

Main Results:

The model successfully learns time intervals ranging from 150-1000 ms and beyond.
Learning time increases with the inter-stimulus interval, consistent with experimental data.
The model demonstrates how Purkinje cells can anticipate stimulus timing.

Conclusions:

Intracellular calcium dynamics provide a viable mechanism for Purkinje cell time interval learning.
This model supports theories of cerebellar function in generating spatio-temporal patterns.
The findings offer new insights into the cellular basis of timing in the brain.