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Microbiome and Gastric Cancer.

Lars Engstrand1, David Y Graham2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

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Summary

The study traces the history of gastric microbiome research, from early germ theory to modern investigations of Helicobacter pylori and its link to gastric cancer. Current evidence primarily links H. pylori to gastric cancer, with limited support for broader microbiome roles.

Keywords:
CultureGastric cancerHelicobacter pyloriInflammationMicrobiomeNext-generation sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The germ theory of disease in the late 1800s spurred early research into gastric microbes and their relation to gastric cancer.
  • Research evolved to explore the gastric microbiome's role in nitrosamine production and the Correa cascade.
  • Interest shifted to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the late 1980s due to its association with gastritis and gastric cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical evolution of gastric microbiome research.
  • To assess the current understanding of the gastric microbiome's role in gastric cancer pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the need for modern techniques to investigate fungal roles in gastric diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review of gastric microbiology and cancer research.
  • Analysis of studies on nitrosamines, the Correa cascade, and H. pylori.
  • Evaluation of recent research on the human microbiome and gastric microbiota.

Main Results:

  • Early research focused on bacteria like Lactobacillus in gastric cancer diagnosis.
  • H. pylori emerged as a key factor in gastritis and gastric cancer development.
  • Current evidence does not strongly support a role for the broader gastric bacterial microbiome in cancer beyond H. pylori's direct effects.

Conclusions:

  • The role of the gastric microbiome in gastric cancer is primarily attributed to H. pylori.
  • Further research using modern techniques is needed to explore the role of fungi in gastric diseases.
  • Convincing evidence for an expanded role of the gastric bacterial microbiome in cancer pathogenesis is currently lacking.