Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
The number of molecules in one mole is called...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...

Mean free path and Mean free time

Mean free path and Mean free time

Consider the gas molecules in a cylinder. They move in a random motion as they collide with each other and change speed and direction. The average of all the path lengths between collisions is known as the "mean free path."

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Emergence of Nonuniform Strain-Induced Exciton Species in Bilayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Identification and Enhancement of Kink Soliton Motions in a van der Waals Layer.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

On-Water Surface Synthesis of 2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework Films With Controllable Layer Orientation Enabling High-Performance Chemiresistive Sensing.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

Ultranarrow nanochannels in a staggered two-dimensional polymer membrane enhance electric double-layer coverage for osmotic energy harvesting.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Quantum Confinement Effect in a Heteromorphic PbS/SnS<sub>2</sub> Superlattice Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Defects That Magnetize Beyond Monolayer PtSe<sub>2</sub>.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Published on: April 13, 2022

Artificial relativistic molecules.

Jae Whan Park¹, Hyo Sung Kim^1,2, Thomas Brumme³

¹Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 790-7884, Korea.

Nature Communications

|February 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created artificial molecules using lead atoms on a van der Waals crystal. These novel structures exhibit unique electronic properties driven by relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling.

More Related Videos

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Published on: April 13, 2022

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Surface Science

Background:

Van der Waals crystals provide a unique platform for fabricating novel materials.
Superstructures on crystal surfaces can template the assembly of atomic clusters.
Relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling significantly influence electronic properties in heavy elements.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate artificial molecules using heavy atom lead on a van der Waals substrate.
To investigate the electronic properties and formation mechanisms of these artificial molecular clusters.
To explore the role of spin-orbit coupling in stabilizing these structures and creating novel electronic states.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of lead (Pb) adatoms on a honeycomb charge-order superstructure of Iridium Ditelluride (IrTe2).
Utilizing scanning tunneling spectroscopy to probe the electronic states of the Pb clusters.
Performing electronic structure calculations to understand the observed phenomena.

Main Results:

Formation of lead clusters, including dimers, heptamers, and benzene-shaped hexamers, templated by the IrTe2 superstructure.
Observation of unusual relativistic molecular orbitals within the Pb clusters.
Identification of spin-orbit coupling as crucial for forming Dirac electronic states and stabilizing the artificial molecules.
Demonstration that lead atoms maximize relativistic effects.

Conclusions:

Novel artificial molecules with unprecedented electronic properties can be fabricated using 2D ordered surfaces.
Spin-orbit coupling plays a key role in the formation and stabilization of these heavy-atom molecular structures.
Lead atoms are ideal candidates for maximizing relativistic effects in such artificial molecular systems.