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In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

Published on: January 27, 2021

Selection-Driven Gene Inactivation in Salmonella.

Joshua L Cherry¹

¹National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Genome Biology and Evolution

|February 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In Salmonella enterica, some bacterial genes are positively selected for inactivation, indicated by a high rate of premature stop codons. This suggests inactivation is favored under specific, rare conditions.

Keywords:

bacterial evolution gene inactivation pathogen evolution positive selection stop codons

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Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

Published on: January 27, 2021

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Published on: November 23, 2012

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

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Published on: May 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Evolutionary Biology
Genetics

Background:

Bacterial gene inactivation can occur through mutation.
Selection against inactivated genes is often weak or intermittent.
Positive selection for gene inactivation is less commonly observed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate instances of positive selection for gene inactivation in Salmonella enterica.
To identify specific genes undergoing this process.
To understand the conditions favoring gene inactivation.

Main Methods:

Analyzing mutation rates in Salmonella enterica.
Identifying premature stop codons in bacterial genes.
Comparing rates of premature stop codon introduction to synonymous substitution rates.
Assessing statistical significance using a false discovery rate.

Main Results:

Identified 84 genes with a statistically significant higher rate of premature stop codon introduction.
Genes involved in virulence, motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation, and resistance were frequently identified.
The rate of inactivation was significantly higher than expected under neutral selection.

Conclusions:

Positive selection for gene inactivation occurs in Salmonella enterica.
This process appears to favor inactivation under rare, specific conditions.
Genes involved in key bacterial functions are targets of this selection.
An ongoing cycle of inactivation favored by rare conditions and subsequent purifying selection is hypothesized.