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Related Concept Videos

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins,...
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells
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A chemically-controlled system for activating RAS GTPases.

Emily M Dieter1, Dustin J Maly2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|February 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new chemical genetic system to activate RAS proteins, crucial in cancer signaling. This tool helps overcome challenges in studying RAS biology and its complex downstream effects.

Keywords:
Chemically inducible RAS activationDynamic signaling controlERKMAP kinaseProtein engineeringRASSignal transductionWestern blot

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RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells
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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Oncology

Background:

  • RAS GTPases are central to cellular signaling pathways.
  • Activating RAS mutations are common in various cancers.
  • Understanding RAS biology is hindered by pathway complexity and lack of specific tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel chemical genetic system for precise RAS activation.
  • To enable detailed characterization of RAS-driven signaling pathways.
  • To provide a new tool for cancer research.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a chemically inducible activator of RAS (CIAR).
  • CIAR is a single-protein, chemical genetic system.
  • Validation of CIAR by analyzing downstream signaling events.

Main Results:

  • CIAR allows rapid and dose-dependent activation of endogenous RAS.
  • Demonstrated successful perturbation of RAS signaling.
  • Provided a method to study RAS function in a controlled manner.

Conclusions:

  • The CIAR system offers a powerful new approach to study RAS biology.
  • This tool facilitates deeper understanding of RAS-driven signaling in normal and cancer cells.
  • CIAR has potential applications in cancer therapy research.