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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

High-throughput Siderophore Screening from Environmental Samples: Plant Tissues, Bulk Soils, and Rhizosphere Soils

High-throughput Siderophore Screening from Environmental Samples: Plant Tissues, Bulk Soils, and Rhizosphere Soils

Published on: February 9, 2019

Engineering siderophores.

Sina Rütschlin¹, Thomas Böttcher¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Methods in Enzymology

|February 13, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers engineered cyclic hydroxamate siderophores using biochemical methods. These modified siderophores can inhibit bacterial swarming, offering potential applications in interspecies competition control.

Keywords:

Macrocyclic hydroxamates NIS synthetase Shewanella algae Siderophores Swarming inhibition

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Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Biochemistry
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Siderophores are crucial for bacterial iron uptake and virulence.
Shewanella algae produces three cyclic hydroxamate siderophores, one inhibiting Vibrio alginolyticus swarming.
The enzyme AvbD is central to siderophore biosynthesis and a target for engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer cyclic hydroxamate siderophores with tailored ring sizes.
To explore biochemical and biosynthetic strategies for siderophore production.
To develop novel swarming inhibitors.

Main Methods:

Protein expression and purification of the AvbD enzyme.
In vitro conversion of natural and unnatural HS[X]A precursors using AvbD.
Biosynthetic feeding strategies for large-scale engineered siderophore extraction.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of natural and unnatural siderophore precursors (HS[X]A).
Generation of ring-size engineered siderophores via enzymatic conversion.
Production of engineered siderophores at analytical to milligram scales.

Conclusions:

Biochemical engineering of AvbD enables the creation of novel cyclic hydroxamate siderophores.
Engineered siderophores demonstrate potential as swarming inhibitors against specific bacteria.
The described methods facilitate the production of custom siderophores for research and application.