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Related Concept Videos

Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
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Poisoning by Medical Plants.

Mohammad Hosein Farzaei1, Zahra Bayrami2, Fatemeh Farzaei1

  • 1Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

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Despite their popularity, herbal medications can cause poisoning, especially in adults. Increased awareness and regulation are crucial to prevent adverse effects from medicinal plant consumption.

Keywords:
Medicinal plantsPoisoningReviewSafetyToxicityTraditional medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Ethnobotany

Background:

  • Herbal medications are perceived as safer than synthetic drugs, but can lead to poisoning incidents.
  • Poison centers manage over 100,000 cases of toxic plant exposure annually, primarily pediatric ingestions.
  • Serious poisonings often involve adults mistakenly consuming toxic plants or using them for illicit purposes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major human-toxic plants causing mortality or emergency visits.
  • To highlight the toxicity of herbal plants and herb-drug interactions.
  • To alert healthcare professionals to the risks of unmonitored medicinal plant use.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of online databases for articles on plant poisoning.
  • Inclusion of reported human toxic plant cases.
  • Classification of cases based on toxic effects and plant constituents.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key toxic plants responsible for significant human health impacts.
  • Analysis of plant constituents contributing to specific toxic effects.
  • Documentation of herb-drug interactions and their potential consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Widespread belief in the harmlessness of medicinal plants is a misconception.
  • Lack of clear regulations for herbal product prescription, preparation, and marketing contributes to poisoning.
  • Extensive and unsupervised consumption of medicinal plants is the primary cause of poisoning.