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Toads modulate flight strategy according to distance to refuge.

Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho1

  • 1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.

Zoology (Jena, Germany)
|February 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Toad escape strategies change based on how close a refuge is. When a refuge is near, toads run faster and straighter, but they initially move slower if the threat persists.

Keywords:
Epidalea calamitalocomotor performancerefuge proximityrun ratesprint speed

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Behavior
  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Antipredator behaviors like fleeing and hiding are crucial for prey survival.
  • Refuge proximity is a key factor that can influence an animal's escape strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how refuge distance affects the flight strategies of the common toad, Epidalea calamita.
  • To analyze sprint speed and run rate in relation to varying distances to a refuge.

Main Methods:

  • Toads were tested in a linear runway under standardized conditions.
  • Trials included short (70 cm), medium (140 cm), and long (210 cm) distances to a refuge.
  • Video analysis was used to calculate sprint speed and run rate per meter for each track.

Main Results:

  • Refuge distance significantly altered toad flight strategies.
  • Toads exhibited faster initial sprint speeds in short-distance trials.
  • In longer-distance trials, toads accelerated after the first track, with a higher run rate in initial segments.
  • Males displayed more pronounced responses to refuge proximity, potentially due to higher conspicuousness.

Conclusions:

  • Toads initially employ slower, intermittent movements, escalating to faster sprints if the threat continues.
  • Closer refuges elicit straighter, faster flights, while distant refuges involve a more cautious initial approach.
  • Sex-specific differences in escape strategies may be linked to predator-prey dynamics and conspicuousness.