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PD-L1/PD-1 axis as a potent therapeutic target in breast cancer
Shima Bastaki1, Mahzad Irandoust2, Armin Ahmadi3
1Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, East Azarbaijan, Iran.
Abstract:
Although both the incidence and the mortality rate of breast cancer is rising, there is no potent and practical option for the treatment of these patients, particularly in advanced stages. One of the most critical challenges for treatment is the presence of complicated and extensive tumor escape mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoint molecules are of the main immunosuppressive mechanisms used by cancerous cells to block anti-cancer immune responses. Among these molecules, PD-1 (Programmed cell death) and PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) have been considered as worthy therapeutic targets for breast cancer therapy. In this review, we intend to discuss the immunobiology and signaling of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and highlight its importance as a worthy therapeutic target in breast cancer. We believe that the prognostic value of PD-L1 depends on the breast cancer subtype. Moreover, the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 targeting with immune-stimulating vaccines can be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.
Insights
Rising breast cancer incidence necessitates new treatments. Targeting immune checkpoints like PD-1/PD-L1 offers a promising therapeutic strategy, especially when combined with vaccines, to overcome tumor immune evasion.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Breast cancer incidence and mortality are increasing globally.
- Advanced breast cancer presents significant treatment challenges due to tumor immune escape mechanisms.
- Immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and PD-L1, are key regulators of anti-cancer immune responses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the immunobiology and signaling of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in breast cancer.
- To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in breast cancer treatment.
- To explore the prognostic value of PD-L1 and combination therapies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on PD-1/PD-L1 axis in breast cancer.
- Analysis of immunobiology and signaling pathways.
- Evaluation of therapeutic strategies and prognostic implications.
Main Results:
- The PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays a critical role in mediating immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment.
- PD-1/PD-L1 targeting represents a significant therapeutic avenue for breast cancer.
- The prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression is subtype-dependent.
Conclusions:
- Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy.
- Combination therapy, including PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and immune-stimulating vaccines, may enhance treatment efficacy.
- Further research is warranted to optimize PD-1/PD-L1-based therapies for different breast cancer subtypes.
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