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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

676
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
676
Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

660
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
660
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
1.4K
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

445
Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
445
Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

4.6K
Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Advances in ocular drug delivery systems.

Jennifer J Kang-Mieler1, Kayla M Rudeen2, Wenqiang Liu2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA. kang-mieler@iit.edu.

Eye (London, England)
|February 20, 2020
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Summary

New drug delivery systems offer sustained release for retinal diseases like AMD, DMO, and RVO. These advanced biomaterials aim to reduce frequent injections, improving patient treatment burdens.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Pharmacological agents effectively treat retinal diseases including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular oedema (DMO), and retinal vascular occlusions (RVO).
  • Current treatments necessitate repeated intravitreal injections, posing a significant burden on patients requiring long-term therapy.
  • Minimally invasive drug delivery systems are crucial to reduce treatment frequency and improve patient compliance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel biomaterial implants and depots for sustained drug delivery in treating retinal disorders.
  • To highlight the advantages and limitations of advanced drug delivery systems for retinal diseases.
  • To focus on longer-acting, sustained-release formulations that minimize invasive procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on advanced drug delivery systems for retinal diseases.
  • Analysis of novel biomaterial implants and depots.
  • Evaluation of sustained-release formulations for ocular drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • Novel biomaterial implants and depots show promise for sustained drug release in the eye.
  • These systems aim to maintain therapeutic drug levels for extended periods, reducing injection frequency.
  • The review assesses the benefits and drawbacks of various long-acting formulations.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced drug delivery systems, particularly biomaterial implants and depots, offer a promising alternative to repeated injections for retinal diseases.
  • Sustained-release formulations are essential for improving treatment efficacy and patient quality of life in managing chronic retinal conditions.
  • Further research into less invasive, longer-acting delivery methods is critical for optimizing retinal disorder management.