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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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Gene expression and cell identity controlled by anaphase-promoting complex.

Eugene Oh1,2, Kevin G Mark1,2, Annamaria Mocciaro1,2,3

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Nature
|February 21, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism that restarts gene expression after cell division. This process, involving the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), ensures cell identity is maintained through cell cycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Metazoan development relies on progenitor cell proliferation governed by transcriptional networks.
  • Gene expression pauses during mitosis, necessitating the restart of cell identity programs each cycle.
  • The mechanisms for restarting these transcriptional programs after mitosis are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the molecular mechanisms that restart gene expression and maintain cell identity after mitosis.
  • To elucidate the role of ubiquitin-dependent pathways in cell cycle-regulated transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the interaction of WDR5 and TBP with transcription start sites during mitosis.
  • Utilized biochemical assays to detect histone ubiquitination and protein recruitment.
  • Examined the role of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) in regulating gene expression post-mitosis.

Main Results:

  • Identified WDR5 and TBP as factors that recruit the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) to promoters during mitosis.
  • Demonstrated that APC/C ubiquitinates histones with K11/K48-branched chains.
  • Showed that these ubiquitinated histones recruit p97 and the proteasome to facilitate rapid pluripotency gene expression in the subsequent cell cycle.

Conclusions:

  • A ubiquitin-dependent mechanism involving APC/C integrates gene expression with cell division to preserve cell identity.
  • APC/C acts as a key regulator controlling both mitotic exit and the re-initiation of transcription.
  • This pathway provides a robust mechanism for maintaining cell identity across cell divisions.