Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

10.5K
The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
10.5K
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

9.4K
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
9.4K
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

357
IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
357
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

118.5K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
118.5K
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

316
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
316
Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

7.9K
The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
7.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Leadless Pacemaker Implantation in High-Risk Patients: Real-World Outcomes From a Multicenter Israeli Registry.

Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE·2026
Same author

The C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index as a novel predictor of long-term mortality after coronary bypass grafting: An international multicenter retrospective study.

Surgery·2026
Same author

Seven-year experience (2018-2025) of a hospital-based cardiovascular tissue bank in Israel: operational insights and clinical impact.

Cell and tissue banking·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Prospective Single-Arm Study.

Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health·2026
Same author

Safety and Feasibility of a CT-Based Pathway for Left Atrial Appendage Assessment Prior to Inpatient Cardioversion: A Single-Center Experience.

Clinical cardiology·2026
Same author

Response to SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with tricuspid regurgitation: clinical interpretation and future directions.

European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
12:17

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots

Published on: May 21, 2017

11.7K

Bicuspid aortic valve area in normal heart.

Moshe Katz1, Israel Mazin1, Rafael Kuperstein1

  • 1Non Invasive Cardiology Unit, Affiliated with the Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|February 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients have larger aortic valve areas (AVA) than normal, but planimetry overestimates this measurement. This study provides normal AVA values for BAV, highlighting method limitations.

Keywords:
2D echocardiographyaortic valvebicuspid aortic valveplanimetry

More Related Videos

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

16.6K
Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves
11:00

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Published on: April 9, 2019

14.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
12:17

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots

Published on: May 21, 2017

11.7K
Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

16.6K
Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves
11:00

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Published on: April 9, 2019

14.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital heart defect.
  • Normal aortic valve area (AVA) ranges for BAV are not well-established.
  • Understanding normal AVA in BAV is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the normal range of aortic valve area (AVA) in individuals with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV).
  • To compare AVA measurements between subjects with BAV and those with a normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV).
  • To assess the accuracy of different echocardiographic methods for AVA measurement in BAV.

Main Methods:

  • Echocardiographic data from 50 BAV subjects and 50 TAV controls were analyzed.
  • Inclusion criteria required normal valve leaflets and function on echocardiogram.
  • Aortic valve area (AVA) was measured using both planimetry and the continuity equation.

Main Results:

  • The BAV group exhibited a significantly larger left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter and AVA by planimetry compared to the TAV group.
  • No significant difference in AVA was found between BAV and TAV groups when measured by the continuity equation.
  • Planimetry appears to overestimate the actual anatomic AVA in individuals with BAV.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides normative echocardiographic AVA values for individuals with BAV.
  • BAV is associated with a larger LVOT diameter and, by planimetry, a larger AVA.
  • The findings highlight the limitations of AVA planimetry in the BAV population, suggesting the continuity equation may be more reliable.