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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol
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Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Appropriate For Treating Adolescents with Depression?

Puneet Narang1,2,3, Katelyn Madigan1,2,3, Simrat Sarai1,2,3

  • 1Dr. Narang is with the University of Minnesota and Regions Hospital, Minneapolis-St. Paul in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
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Summary

Untreated depression in children causes significant dysfunction and increases suicide risk. High-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows promise for treating adolescent depression, despite needing more research.

Keywords:
Adolescent depressionaffective illnessdepressionneurostimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Childhood depression leads to severe dysfunction, including conduct disorders, substance abuse, and increased suicide risk.
  • Adolescent depression often recurs in adulthood, highlighting the need for effective interventions.
  • Brain imaging reveals prefrontal cortex underactivity in depressed individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treating depression in children and adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TMS for pediatric depression.
  • Analysis of studies documenting brain activity in depressed youth.
  • Assessment of TMS's mechanism of action on neuronal excitability and connectivity.

Main Results:

  • High-frequency TMS activates the brain, promoting neuronal excitability and new connections.
  • Existing literature suggests a favorable side effect profile for TMS in this population.
  • Preliminary evidence indicates TMS efficacy in treating pediatric depression.

Conclusions:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a potentially valuable therapeutic option for children and adolescents with depression.
  • Further large-scale, randomized controlled trials with extended follow-up are necessary to confirm TMS efficacy and long-term outcomes.
  • The promising safety and efficacy profile warrants continued investigation of TMS for adolescent depression.