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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
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Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

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Poly-functional T helper cells in human tonsillar mononuclear cells.

Sifei Yu1, Xi Luo2, Binyan Yang1

  • 1From the Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China.

European Cytokine Network
|February 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Human tonsil CD4+ T cells are polyfunctional, co-expressing multiple cytokines. These findings enhance understanding of T helper cell differentiation and immune responses against pathogens.

Keywords:
cytokinespoly-functional Th cellstonsils

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Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils
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Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
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Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tonsils are crucial lymphoid organs for immune cell maturation and pathogen identification.
  • The specific functions of T cells, particularly polyfunctional CD4+ T helper cells, in human tonsils require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and cytokine expression profiles of CD4+ T cells within human tonsillar tissues.
  • To analyze the polyfunctionality of tonsillar CD4+ T helper cells.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-color flow cytometry was employed to analyze effector cytokine expression and co-expression in CD4+ T cells.
  • Tonsillar T cells were subjected to short-term polyclonal stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Tonsillar CD4+ T cells demonstrated the capacity to express various T helper effector cytokines post-stimulation.
  • Cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells were identified as CD45RO+ T cells.
  • A significant proportion of tonsillar CD4+ T cells exhibited polyfunctionality, co-expressing 2–5 different cytokines simultaneously.

Conclusions:

  • Tonsillar CD4+ T cells possess polyfunctional capabilities, contributing to robust immune responses.
  • These findings provide a foundational understanding for further research into polyfunctional T helper cell differentiation and their role in combating infections.