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Solubility03:00

Solubility

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Structural Features of β-Cyclodextrin Solvation in the Deep Eutectic Solvent, Reline.

Alessandro Triolo1, Fabrizio Lo Celso1,2, Olga Russina1,3

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Deep eutectic solvent reline significantly enhances beta-cyclodextrin solubility, overcoming aggregation issues. This breakthrough enables high-concentration, stable cyclodextrin solutions for novel applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Native cyclodextrins (CDs) exhibit amphiphilic properties, enabling encapsulation for applications like drug nanodelivery.
  • Poor solubility and aggregation of CDs in conventional solvents limit their broader use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solubility and aggregation behavior of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in the deep eutectic solvent reline.
  • To explore the molecular interactions governing β-CD solvation in reline.

Main Methods:

  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to assess solubility and aggregation.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate microscopic interactions.

Main Results:

  • Reline dissolves large amounts of β-CD (≥800 mg/mL), a significant improvement over water (18 mg/mL).
  • No aggregation phenomena were observed for β-CD in reline.
  • MD simulations revealed favorable solvation of β-CD through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with reline components.

Conclusions:

  • Deep eutectic solvent reline provides a highly effective and environmentally responsible medium for dissolving β-CD at unprecedented concentrations without aggregation.
  • This finding opens new avenues for advanced applications of cyclodextrins in various fields.