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Related Concept Videos

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
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Choline Acetate/Water Mixtures: Physicochemical Properties and Structural Organization.

Emanuela Mangiacapre1, Zina Barhoumi2, Martin Brehm3

  • 1Chemistry Department, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Water-based Deep Eutectic Solvents (wb-DESs) with choline acetate and water were characterized. The study reveals a strong hydrogen-bonding network at a specific ratio, challenging previous aggregation claims in these sustainable solvents.

Keywords:
AIMDDESsX-ray scatteringgreen solventshydrogen bonding

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) offer sustainable, biodegradable, and tunable alternatives to conventional organic solvents.
  • Water-based DESs (wb-DESs) utilize water as a key component, enhancing their green credentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally characterize choline acetate/water mixtures (wb-DESs) across various molar ratios.
  • To investigate the physicochemical properties and structural dynamics of these wb-DESs.
  • To clarify the solvation structure and challenge existing models of aggregation in wb-DESs.

Main Methods:

  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for thermal transitions.
  • Physicochemical measurements (density, viscosity, conductivity, refractive index).
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for dynamics and solvation.
  • Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (S-WAXS) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations.

Main Results:

  • Choline acetate/water mixtures were classified as Low Transition-Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) with glass transitions between 150-180 K.
  • NMR data indicated a strong hydrogen-bonding network at a water:choline acetate molar ratio of n=2.
  • S-WAXS, AIMD, and NMR diffusion studies refuted claims of aggregation, revealing a stable, cooperative hydrogen-bonding network stabilizing the choline cation.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated physicochemical and computational studies are crucial for understanding and developing sustainable solvent systems like wb-DESs.
  • The findings provide a clearer picture of the structure and dynamics in choline acetate/water mixtures.
  • This research contributes to the rational design of novel, eco-friendly solvent systems.