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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Ribosome and Translational Control in Stem Cells.

Mathieu Gabut1,2, Fleur Bourdelais1,2, Sébastien Durand1,2

  • 1Equipe 'Transcriptome Diversity in Stem Cells', Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.

Cells
|February 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation rely on precise gene expression control. This review highlights how ribosome biogenesis and translational control are crucial for maintaining stem cell function and fate decisions.

Keywords:
rRNA modificationsribosomal proteinsribosome biogenesisribosomesspecialized ribosomesstem cellstranslational regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular and Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs) self-renew and differentiate, controlled by complex genetic programs.
  • Gene expression regulation involves chromatin remodeling, transcription, processing, and mRNA stability.
  • Stem cell properties depend on finely tuned protein synthesis, with ribosome biogenesis being critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on the role of ribosome biogenesis and translational control in stem cell function.
  • To explain how these processes regulate stem cell homeostasis and fate decisions.
  • To highlight their importance in proteome remodeling during stem cell fate changes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on stem cell gene expression and protein synthesis.
  • Analysis of research linking ribosome biogenesis to stem cell properties.
  • Examination of translational control mechanisms in stem cell differentiation and injury response.

Main Results:

  • Stem cell transcriptomes and proteomes show poor correlation, emphasizing the need for translational control.
  • Ribosome biogenesis is essential for maintaining both ESC and ASC properties.
  • Translational control fine-tunes protein synthesis, impacting stem cell homeostasis and fate.

Conclusions:

  • Translational control and ribosome biogenesis are critical regulators of stem cell function.
  • These mechanisms are vital for adapting stem cell proteomes to changing cell fates.
  • Understanding translational control offers insights into stem cell maintenance and differentiation.