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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries.

Matthew Li1, Tongchao Liu2, Xuanxuan Bi2

  • 1Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA. junlu@anl.gov and Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.

Chemical Society Reviews
|February 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anionic redox in lithium-ion batteries offers higher capacities but faces irreversibility challenges. This review details anionic redox mechanisms and reversible strategies for advanced battery design.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for consumer electronics and renewable energy.
  • Growing demand necessitates advanced battery technologies beyond conventional methods.
  • Anionic redox in transition metal oxides presents a pathway to enhanced specific capacities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental mechanisms and evidence of anionic redox in lithium-ion battery cathodes.
  • To explore the relationship between anionic and cationic redox for improved reversibility.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the anionic redox spectrum in transition metal oxides.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anionic redox phenomena in transition metal oxides.
  • Analysis of transition metal-oxygen bonding characteristics.
  • Categorization of redox behavior from pure anionic to pure cationic.

Main Results:

  • Anionic redox significantly boosts specific capacities in lithium-ion batteries.
  • Irreversibility of anionic redox remains a key challenge.
  • Understanding transition metal-oxygen bonds is vital for controlling anionic redox.

Conclusions:

  • Anionic redox is a promising strategy for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
  • Further research into reversible anionic redox mechanisms is essential.
  • Tailoring transition metal oxide compositions can unlock enhanced energy storage.