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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

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A rare codon-based translational program of cell proliferation.

Joao C Guimaraes1, Nitish Mittal2, Alexandra Gnann2,3

  • 1Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland. joaoguima@gmail.com.

Genome Biology
|February 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell proliferation boosts protein production from mRNAs with rare codons. This occurs via increased tRNA availability, enhancing translation efficiency for proteins crucial to rapid cell division.

Keywords:
Cell proliferationCodon usageRare codonsTranslation controlTranslation elongationtRNA pools

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Translation elongation speed is mainly dictated by tRNA abundance.
  • Codon usage influences mRNA translation rates, which can fluctuate with biological conditions.
  • Coordination of functionally related mRNA expression is often linked to similar codon usage patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of rare codons in mRNA translation efficiency during cell proliferation.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying codon-mediated translational regulation in specific cellular conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome occupancy profiling to measure translation rates.
  • Proteomics to quantify protein production.
  • Reporter gene assays with re-coded sequences (rare vs. common codons).

Main Results:

  • mRNAs upregulated during cell proliferation are enriched in rare codons.
  • Transcripts with rare codons experience a greater translation boost during proliferation.
  • Re-coding a reporter with rare codons increased protein output by ~30% compared to common codons.
  • No evidence of individual tRNA regulation was found; a global tRNA upregulation model is supported.

Conclusions:

  • Rapidly dividing cells preferentially upregulate pro-proliferation proteins.
  • This preferential upregulation is facilitated by alleviating translation bottlenecks for mRNAs rich in rare codons.
  • Global tRNA availability increases translation velocity at rare codons more than common codons.