Disease modification and biomarker development in Parkinson disease: Revision or reconstruction?

Alberto J Espay¹, Lorraine V Kalia², Ziv Gan-Or²+23

• ¹From the Department of Neurology (A.J.E.), James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (L.V.K.), Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Z.G.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.H.W.-G.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology (P.L.B.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine (S.M.R.), Pediatrics (S.M.R.), Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology (S.M.R.), and Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.M.), University of Messina, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.), Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.F., A.P.S., A.E.L.); Tomorrow Edition (B.S.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical Genomics Program (M.J.F.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville; Clinical Trials Statistical & Data Management Center (C.S.C.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York City, NY; Department of Neurology (R.B.P.), Montreal General Hospital, Quebec; Research Imaging Centre (A.P.S.), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.B.S.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B.), John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Clinical Trials Coordination Center (K.K.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (C.W.O.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Clintrex LLC (C.W.O.), Sarasota, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (A.L.), Krembil Neuroscience Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurological Sciences (J.H.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; and Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI. alberto.espay@uc.edu.+1