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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Genomic Stability Testing of Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Erik McIntire1, Seth Taapken2, Kimberly Leonhard2

  • 1University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology
|February 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) cultures can develop genetic abnormalities that impact their use. Routine genomic characterization is essential for ensuring the reliability and efficacy of PSCs in research and clinical settings.

Keywords:
G-banded karyotypingchromosomal microarraycytogenomicsfluorescence in situ hybridizationnext-generation sequencingquantitative polymerase chain reactionrecurrent acquired genetic abnormalities

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) cultures face selective pressures leading to genetic abnormalities.
  • These abnormalities confer a competitive advantage, causing variant cells to outgrow wild-type cells.
  • Such genomic instability can compromise PSC efficacy in research and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the capabilities and limitations of common assays for assessing PSC genomic stability.
  • To recommend an integrated testing strategy for comprehensive genomic characterization of PSCs.
  • To ensure the reliable and effective use of PSCs by addressing genomic integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of various assays used for PSC genomic stability assessment.
  • Comparative evaluation of assay performance, coverage, and limitations.
  • Development of a recommended integrated testing regimen.

Main Results:

  • Identification of strengths and weaknesses across different genomic characterization assays.
  • Demonstration that recurrent genetic abnormalities can arise and expand in PSC cultures.
  • Establishment of criteria for selecting and integrating assays for optimal genomic surveillance.

Conclusions:

  • Routine genomic characterization is crucial for maintaining PSC quality.
  • An integrated approach to genomic testing maximizes coverage and minimizes costs.
  • Implementing a comprehensive testing regimen ensures the safety and efficacy of PSCs for diverse applications.