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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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Human Tibroviruses: Commensals or Lethal Pathogens?

Jens H Kuhn1, Hào Pān2, Charles Y Chiu3

  • 1Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

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|February 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Newly discovered tibroviruses in Africa infect humans, with infections potentially common but unrecognized. Further research is crucial to understand the health impacts of these novel rhabdoviruses.

Keywords:
Bas-Congo virusBeatrice Hill virusBivens Arm virusCoastal Plains virusEkpoma virusSweetwater Branch virusTIBVTibrogargan virusrhabdovirustibrovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rhabdoviruses (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae) are a diverse viral family infecting various hosts globally.
  • Human infections are primarily linked to lyssaviruses (e.g., rabies) and vesiculoviruses.
  • Tibroviruses, a genus within Rhabdoviridae, are poorly understood, with recent discoveries in Africa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on tibroviruses, focusing on human infections.
  • To highlight the divergence and potential significance of newly discovered human tibroviruses.
  • To emphasize the urgent need to assess the impact of tibroviruses on human health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of rhabdovirus and tibrovirus research.
  • Analysis of genomic data for phylogenetic comparison.
  • Review of seroprevalence studies and clinical observations.

Main Results:

  • Three novel human tibroviruses (Bas-Congo, Ekpoma virus 1 & 2) discovered in Africa are distinct from known rhabdoviruses.
  • These viruses are divergent from each other and related to tibroviruses found in midges and cattle.
  • Seroprevalence suggests widespread but unrecognized human infections.

Conclusions:

  • Tibroviruses represent a significant, understudied group with potential human health implications.
  • The pathogenic potential of tibroviruses varies, with some possibly benign and others emerging threats.
  • Urgent assessment of tibrovirus impact on human health is necessary.