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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Mechanical and Biological Analysis in Tendinopathy Research
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Hand and Wrist Tendinopathies.

Nathan C Patrick1, Warren C Hammert1

  • 1Division of Hand and Wrist Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14612, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine
|March 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers common and less common hand and wrist tendinopathies in athletes, including diagnosis, treatment, and return-to-play guidelines for conditions like trigger digits and tendonitis.

Keywords:
Extensor tendon injuriesFlexor tendon injuresOveruse injuries of the hand and wristSports-related injuries of the wrist and handTendinopathies in athletesTendinopathyTendonitis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Hand Surgery

Background:

  • Tendinopathies affecting the hand and wrist are prevalent among athletes.
  • These conditions can significantly impact athletic performance and require specialized management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of common and less common tendinopathies in the hand and wrist.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies (both operative and nonoperative), and postoperative care, including return-to-play protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hand and wrist tendinopathies in athletes.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and various treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of postoperative recommendations and return-to-play considerations.

Main Results:

  • Identified common tendinopathies: trigger digits, first dorsal compartment tendonitis, extensor carpi ulnaris tendonitis.
  • Reviewed less common conditions: flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris tendonitis, intersection syndrome, extensor pollicis entrapment.
  • Outlined diagnostic and treatment pathways, including surgical and non-surgical options.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hand and wrist tendinopathies in athletes requires accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment.
  • Postoperative care and a structured return-to-play strategy are crucial for successful recovery and performance restoration.