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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
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Thickness of elemental and binary single atomic monolayers.

Peter Hess1

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. peter.hess@urz.uni-heidelberg.de.

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|March 3, 2020
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The thickness of two-dimensional (2D) materials is crucial for their properties. This study establishes a reliable method for determining monolayer thickness, providing a valuable reference database for various 2D materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Monolayer thickness is a critical but understudied property of 2D materials.
  • Accurate thickness determination impacts mechanical behavior, heat transfer, and multilayer system properties.
  • Existing thickness measurements for free-standing monolayers are often inaccurate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a consistent and reliable method for determining the thickness of two-dimensional (2D) material monolayers.
  • To compile a reference database of thickness values for various elemental and binary compound monolayers.
  • To address the lack of attention and accurate measurements regarding monolayer thickness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized van der Waals (vdW) diameters as a baseline for monolayer thickness.
  • Incorporated electrostatic and weak covalent interlayer interactions into thickness calculations.
  • Considered corrugation effects for buckled or puckered monolayers to define upper thickness limits.
  • Developed a reference database for elemental and binary group-IV, group-V, III-V, and IV-VI monolayers.

Main Results:

  • Established that van der Waals (vdW) diameter provides a reasonable thickness for free-standing, few-layer, and adsorbed monolayers with weak interlayer forces.
  • Demonstrated that DFT calculations and MD simulations can yield smaller interlayer distances than vdW diameter due to interlayer interactions.
  • Presented a comprehensive database of monolayer thickness values for a wide range of 2D materials.
  • Showed agreement between electron density-based volume and geometric slab models for graphene and boronitrene.

Conclusions:

  • The van der Waals diameter, with adjustments for corrugation, offers a reliable approach to determining 2D material monolayer thickness.
  • The developed reference database serves as a crucial resource for understanding and utilizing 2D materials.
  • Accurate thickness data is essential for predicting and optimizing the performance of 2D materials in various applications.