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An approach to natural insect repellent formulations: from basic research to technological development.

Márcio Robert Mattos da Silva1, Eduardo Ricci-Júnior1

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599, Brazil.

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Summary

Natural plant-based repellents are increasingly important for preventing mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and malaria. This review highlights key plant compounds, formulations, and the growing use of extended-release systems, particularly citronella essential oil.

Keywords:
Extended releaseFormulationNatural repellentPatent

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Entomology
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Rising global incidence of mosquito-borne diseases (dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, malaria).
  • Increasing interest in natural plant-based mosquito repellents as a key prevention strategy.
  • Need for effective and sustainable repellent formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a bibliographic survey of plants with repellent activity.
  • To evaluate trends in natural repellent formulations in scientific literature, patents, and commercial products.
  • To identify key active compounds and formulation types.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliographic survey of scientific articles and patents.
  • Analysis of commercial repellent products.
  • Identification of active compounds and formulation technologies.

Main Results:

  • Limonene, 1,8-cineole, geraniol, eugenol, and citronellal are common active compounds in repellent essential oils.
  • Marketed formulations predominantly include sprays and lotions; patents favor emulsions, lotions, and sprays.
  • Microparticle-based extended-release systems are prevalent in scientific literature and patents for natural repellents.
  • Citronella essential oil is widely utilized in commercial products and extended-release systems.

Conclusions:

  • Natural repellents, especially those containing citronella essential oil, show significant potential.
  • Extended-release systems, particularly microparticles, are a key trend in natural repellent technology.
  • Future research should focus on nanotechnology for biodegradable extended-release systems using plant-derived essential oils.