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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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Prosthesis with neuromorphic multilayered e-dermis perceives touch and pain.

Luke E Osborn1, Andrei Dragomir2, Joseph L Betthauser3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205.

Science Robotics
|March 4, 2020
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Summary

Researchers developed an electronic dermis (e-dermis) for prosthetic hands, enabling amputees to feel a spectrum of touch, from gentle to painful sensations. This technology aims to restore a more natural sense of touch for improved prosthesis function.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Prosthetic devices often lack tactile feedback, limiting amputees' functional recovery and natural interaction with their environment.
  • Current prostheses do not convey essential sensory information like touch and pain, crucial for environmental awareness and self-protection.
  • Restoring tactile perception, including pain, is vital for improving the dexterity and safety of prosthetic limbs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel electronic dermis (e-dermis) capable of delivering graded tactile sensations to amputees.
  • To investigate the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to elicit phantom hand perceptions for sensory feedback.
  • To create a neuromorphic interface that translates tactile stimuli into biologically relevant neural signals for prosthetic control.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified TENS parameters to evoke innocuous and noxious sensations in a phantom hand, confirmed by electroencephalography (EEG) in somatosensory regions.
  • Invented a multilayered e-dermis mimicking mechanoreceptor and nociceptor behavior for neuromorphic tactile feedback.
  • Implemented a pain reflex feedback control system and conducted a Pain Detection Task (PDT) to assess sensory discrimination.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the e-dermis can provide a continuous spectrum of tactile sensations, from non-painful to painful.
  • Amputees using the e-dermis successfully differentiated tactile stimuli and perceived object properties like curvature and sharpness.
  • EEG confirmed phantom hand activation during TENS, validating the neural interface's efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed e-dermis successfully restores a range of tactile sensations, including pain, to prosthetic hands.
  • This biologically inspired technology enables amputees to utilize touch and pain perception for enhanced object interaction and prosthesis control.
  • The findings pave the way for creating more natural and intuitive sensory experiences in advanced prosthetic devices.