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Related Concept Videos

The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management
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A Nitrogen Physical Input-Output Model for Illinois.

Shweta Singh1, Jana E Compton2, Troy R Hawkins3

  • 1Ag. & Biological Engg/Env. & Ecological Engg, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.

Ecological Modelling
|March 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrogen (N) management is crucial for sustainability. A new Physical Input-Output Table (PIOT) model quantifies N flows in Illinois agriculture, revealing environmental losses and improving N use efficiency for better decision-making.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Economics
  • Systems Ecology

Background:

  • Human activities significantly alter the global nitrogen cycle, leading to environmental and health issues.
  • Existing models for nitrogen (N) management lack integration of economic and ecological N flows in physical units.
  • Physical Input-Output Tables (PIOT) offer a complementary approach to model these interconnected flows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a N-PIOT for Illinois to analyze N flows in the agricultural sector.
  • To quantify the total N flow required for producing final N products and identify environmental losses.
  • To enhance decision-making regarding N management by connecting economic and ecological N flows.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a N-PIOT for Illinois using N mass units for the year 2002.
  • Employed an Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) approach to link economic production with environmental N losses.
  • Utilized a bottom-up Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to track N flows for corn, soybean, and wheat, which account for 99% of N fertilizer use.

Main Results:

  • Corn production exported 68% of N in products, with 9% to animal feed and minimal direct consumption.
  • Soybean farming resulted in approximately 35% of N input being directed to animal feed.
  • Environmental N release was highest from corn (21.8%), followed by soybean (9.2%) and wheat (4.2%).

Conclusions:

  • PIOTs provide a holistic framework for managing disrupted biogeochemical cycles by detailing physical flows within economic systems.
  • This model enables the physical coupling of economic and ecological N flows, improving life cycle N use efficiency.
  • The developed N-PIOT is a viable tool for better N management strategies in agriculture.