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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

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Published on: June 21, 2022

New Vision for Visual Prostheses.

Alexander Farnum^1,2, Galit Pelled^1,2,3

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|March 6, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bioengineering advancements offer new hope for vision restoration. Emerging technologies like optogenetics and magnetic stimulation, alongside sensory substitution, aim to overcome current limitations in visual prosthetics.

Keywords:

bioengineering cortical implant magnetic stimulation neuromodulation vision visual prostheses

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Area of Science:

Bioengineering
Neuroscience
Biotechnology

Background:

Restoring vision is a global health priority, with significant investment in visual prosthetics.
Current strategies include electrode-based implants, optogenetics, and magnetic stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review state-of-the-art bioengineering technologies for vision restoration.
To discuss challenges and propose bioengineering strategies to overcome them.

Main Methods:

Review of traditional electrode-based visual prosthetics.
Exploration of optogenetic technologies for light-responsive protein introduction.
Analysis of magnetic stimulation using miniature coils and nanoparticles.
Discussion of sensory substitution systems.

Main Results:

Electrode-based prosthetics have seen substantial improvements.
Optogenetics offers high resolution but faces challenges with implantation and tissue damage.
Magnetic stimulation, particularly with nanoparticles, shows potential for non-invasive, cell-specific neuronal activation.
Sensory substitution provides an alternative by converting visual input to other sensory modalities.

Conclusions:

Advances in material, electrical, biological, and genetic sciences are driving innovation in vision restoration.
Non-invasive methods like magnetic stimulation and sensory substitution hold promise for overcoming current limitations.
Addressing challenges such as cytotoxicity and tissue damage is crucial for future development.