Strain Modulated Superlattices in Graphene

Numerous theoretically proposed devices and novel phenomena have sought to take advantage of the intense pseudogauge fields that can arise in strained graphene. Many of these proposals, however, require fields to oscillate with a spatial frequency smaller than the magnetic length, while to date only the generation and effects of fields varying at a much larger length scale have been reported. Here, we describe the creation of short wavelength, periodic pseudogauge-fields using rippled graphene under extreme (>10%) strain and study of its effects on Dirac electrons. Combining scanning tunneling microscopy and atomistic calculations, we find that spatially oscillating strain generates a new quantization different from the familiar Landau quantization. Graphene ripples also cause large variations in carbon-carbon bond length, creating an effective electronic superlattice within a single graphene sheet. Our results thus also establish a novel approach of synthesizing effective 2D lateral heterostructures by periodically modulating lattice strain.