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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Dystopic neurohypophysis.

Faruk Aydin1, INitya R Ghatak2

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, SL79, 70112, New Orleans, LA.

Endocrine Pathology
|March 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Dystopia of the neurohypophysis, or misplaced posterior pituitary, is often asymptomatic and found incidentally. It

Keywords:
Diabetes InsipidusEndocrine Pathology VolumeMedian EminencePerinatal InjuryPituitary Stalk

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Pathology

Background:

  • The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) develops independently from the anterior pituitary.
  • Dystopia of the neurohypophysis involves its abnormal location, often in the tuber cinereum.
  • This condition can be congenital (true dystopia) or acquired secondary to injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between true and acquired dystopia of the neurohypophysis.
  • To highlight the clinical significance and diagnostic considerations of neurohypophyseal dystopia.
  • To emphasize its asymptomatic nature in many cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autopsy and radiological studies.
  • Analysis of clinical data from reported cases.
  • Comparison of dystopic neurohypophysis in normal individuals versus those with pituitary dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Dystopia of the neurohypophysis is frequently found incidentally at autopsy or via imaging.
  • 11 of 19 autopsy cases and 6 of 145 radiological cases occurred in individuals without endocrine abnormalities.
  • True dystopias in normal individuals are not associated with perinatal injury, unlike acquired forms.

Conclusions:

  • Dystopia of the neurohypophysis is typically asymptomatic and a crucial differential diagnosis for hypothalamic lesions.
  • Distinguishing true from acquired dystopia is important for understanding etiology and prognosis.
  • Recognition of this condition can prevent unnecessary surgical intervention for hypothalamic masses.