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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Endoplasmic reticulum in viral infection.

Parikshit Bagchi1

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
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Summary

Viruses hijack the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for replication and progeny formation. This review explores how diverse viral families exploit ER functions throughout pathogenesis, advancing our understanding of virus-ER interactions.

Keywords:
Double membrane vesicleEndoplasmic reticulumInvaginated vesicleMembrane contact siteReplication organelleVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Viruses rely on host cell machinery for replication.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle in cellular processes and viral pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how viruses from various families utilize ER functions during infection.
  • To highlight the critical role of ER in virus-host interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of virus-ER interactions.
  • Discussion of interdisciplinary research approaches.
  • Integration of biochemical assays, cell biology, and advanced microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Viruses exploit diverse ER functions for replication and assembly.
  • ER dynamics are manipulated by viruses at different pathogenic stages.
  • Interdisciplinary studies are crucial for understanding virus-ER interplay.

Conclusions:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a central hub for viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • Advanced research methods are enhancing our comprehension of virus-ER interactions.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to developing antiviral strategies.