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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Motor Units01:13

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Development of a Novel Task-oriented Rehabilitation Program using a Bimanual Exoskeleton Robotic Hand
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Are unimanual movements bilateral?

Sabrina Chettouf1, Laura M Rueda-Delgado2, Ralph de Vries3

  • 1Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Brain Simulation Section, Berlin, Germany; Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|March 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unimanual movements activate both brain hemispheres, similar to bimanual actions. This bi-hemispheric motor control involves suppressing neural crosstalk, crucial for precise upper extremity movements.

Keywords:
Bilateral activationCorpus callosumElectroencephalography (EEG)Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)InterhemisphericMagnetoencephalography (MEG)Motor coordinationMotor cortexStructural MRITranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)Unimanual

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Motor control is a complex function of the central nervous system.
  • Understanding neural activation patterns during movement is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize findings on neural activation during unimanual movements.
  • To explore the role of bi-hemispheric activation and interhemispheric communication in motor control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating findings from various behavioral paradigms.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging modalities to understand cortical processes.
  • Systematic highlighting of lateralized activity in motor cortex.

Main Results:

  • Unimanual movements elicit bi-hemispheric activation patterns, similar to bimanual movements.
  • Ipsilateral hemisphere activation in unimanual tasks may suppress interhemispheric crosstalk.
  • Lateralized activity in the (pre)motor cortex is modulated by task complexity.

Conclusions:

  • Bi-hemispheric cortical activation is a fundamental aspect of upper extremity motor control.
  • Effective suppression of interhemispheric crosstalk is vital for preventing involuntary muscle co-activation.
  • Further research integrating diverse methodologies is needed to fully elucidate cortical contributions.