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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Hypothalamic NAD+-Sirtuin Axis: Function and Regulation.

Eun Roh1, Min-Seon Kim2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea.

Biomolecules
|March 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hypothalamic NAD+-sirtuin axis regulates energy and circadian rhythms. Maintaining NAD+ levels is crucial for neuronal function, impacting aging and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Keywords:
NAD+agingcircadian rhythmenergy metabolismhypothalamusobesitysirtuins

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Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Author Spotlight: Hypothalamic Neural Mechanism Insights
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • The hypothalamus is central to energy, glucose, and circadian rhythm regulation.
  • Obesity and aging present significant global health challenges.
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent sirtuins are key metabolic regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of the hypothalamic NAD+-sirtuin axis in normal physiology.
  • To examine how this axis is altered in obesity and aging.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting NAD+ biology.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of existing research on hypothalamic function.
  • Synthesis of data on NAD+ and sirtuin roles.

Main Results:

  • Hypothalamic sirtuins are vital for neuronal function and energy homeostasis.
  • NAD+ availability directly impacts sirtuin activity and hypothalamic regulation.
  • Dysregulation of this axis is implicated in aging and obesity.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothalamic NAD+-sirtuin axis is critical for metabolic and circadian health.
  • Therapeutic interventions targeting NAD+ metabolism show promise for aging/obesity disorders.