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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

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Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

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The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

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Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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Middle East respiratory syndrome.

Ziad A Memish1, Stanley Perlman2, Maria D Van Kerkhove3

  • 1College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Center, King Saud Medical City Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe disease with high mortality. Ongoing surveillance and research are crucial for managing this priority pathogen and preventing future outbreaks.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Virology

Background:

  • Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a lethal zoonotic pathogen, emerged in 2012.
  • MERS-CoV continues to cause sporadic cases, community clusters, and nosocomial outbreaks globally.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies MERS-CoV as a priority pathogen due to its severe disease, high mortality, and epidemic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of MERS-CoV knowledge.
  • To highlight current perspectives on MERS epidemiology, virology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management.
  • To identify research priorities for improved prevention and control.

Main Methods:

  • This seminar synthesizes current knowledge from reported MERS-CoV cases and outbreaks.
  • It reviews data on epidemiology, clinical features, and management strategies.
  • It also discusses ongoing research in therapeutics and vaccine development.

Main Results:

  • From April 2012 to December 2019, 2499 confirmed MERS-CoV cases and 858 deaths (34.3% mortality) were reported to WHO across 27 countries.
  • Saudi Arabia reported the majority of cases (2106) and deaths (780).
  • Significant human-to-human transmission outbreaks occurred, including in South Korea (2015).

Conclusions:

  • MERS-CoV remains a significant global health threat requiring continued vigilance.
  • There is an urgent need for effective medical countermeasures, including therapeutics and vaccines.
  • Further research is essential for improved understanding, management, and prevention of MERS-CoV.