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Related Concept Videos

Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Long-term subjective memory after electroconvulsive therapy.

Robert Sigström1, Axel Nordenskjöld2, Anders Juréus3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Bjpsych Open
|March 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can lead to subjective memory worsening in some patients, particularly those with negative expectations. Clinicians should address these expectations to mitigate perceived memory decline after ECT.

Keywords:
Electroconvulsive therapyadverse effectsamnesiacognitionmemory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Reports suggest long-term subjective memory worsening following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
  • Understanding the prevalence and predictors of this adverse effect is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with long-term subjective memory worsening in patients undergoing ECT in routine clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 277 patients from eight Swedish hospitals assessed subjective memory before and after ECT using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale.
  • Patient expectations and post-ECT evaluations of memory effects were recorded.
  • Ordinal regression analysis identified variables linked to memory worsening and negative evaluations.

Main Results:

  • Subjective memory worsened in 16.2% of participants, while 31.4% reported improvement.
  • However, 54.6% retrospectively reported a negative effect of ECT on memory.
  • Memory worsening was linked to negative pre-ECT expectations, younger age, and shorter follow-up durations.

Conclusions:

  • While objective memory assessment may show improvement or stability, a majority of patients perceive a negative impact of ECT on memory.
  • This perception may stem from attributing pre-existing memory issues to ECT.
  • Negative patient expectations are a significant factor associated with reported memory worsening post-ECT.