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Individual factors associated with baseball pitching performance: scoping review.
Marie-Andrée Mercier1, Mathieu Tremblay1, Catherine Daneau2
1Human Kinetics, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada.
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
|March 11, 2020
Summary
Body weight, age, and specific kinematics like forward trunk tilt (FTT) and lead knee flexion (LKF) are key factors influencing baseball pitching performance. These elements, alongside shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA), are crucial for optimizing a pitcher's abilities.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics of baseball pitching
- Sports science and performance analysis
- Kinetic and kinematic analysis in athletics
Background:
- Pitching performance in baseball is commonly measured by ball velocity, accuracy, and game statistics.
- However, the individual biomechanical and physiological factors influencing pitching performance remain less understood.
- Identifying these determinants is crucial for targeted training and injury prevention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To classify the performance factors associated with baseball pitchers.
- To identify methods used to quantify pitching abilities across all game aspects.
- To document the relationships between performance factors and measurable indicators.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review of the literature was conducted.
- Searches included multiple electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, etc.) and grey literature up to January 2019.
- Cross-sectional studies examining relationships between performance indicators and individual factors in healthy baseball pitchers were included.
Main Results:
- Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, focusing on kinematic, kinetic, timing, personal, physical, and range-of-motion factors.
- Key kinematic features linked to increased ball velocity include shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA), upper torso flexion/rotation, lead knee flexion (LKF), and forward trunk tilt (FTT).
- Shoulder and elbow forces, along with jumping test performance and body weight (BW), were also associated with pitching performance.
Conclusions:
- Body weight (BW), age, and specific kinematics (FTT, LKF, SHA, lateral trunk tilt) are significantly associated with pitching performance.
- These findings highlight the importance of biomechanical and anthropometric factors in evaluating and enhancing pitching capabilities.
- Further research can leverage these identified factors for developing more effective pitching assessment and training programs.
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