Preventing CKD in Developed Countries.

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Nephrology
• Preventive Medicine

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a significant public health challenge globally, marked by high prevalence and substantial healthcare costs.
• Ineffective prevention strategies exacerbate the burden of CKD, necessitating a comprehensive approach from governance to individual care.
• CKD disproportionately affects indigenous, minority, and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, highlighting health equity concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline a comprehensive strategy for the prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• To emphasize the importance of multisectoral policies and public health initiatives in CKD prevention.
• To address both traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CKD, alongside strategies for early detection and treatment.

Main Methods:

• Review of public health policies and sustainable development goals relevant to CKD prevention.
• Analysis of strategies for primordial, primary, and secondary prevention of CKD.
• Examination of risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, nephrotoxins, and acute kidney injury.
• Consideration of population-specific needs, particularly for vulnerable groups.
• Evaluation of screening protocols and healthcare access barriers in high-income countries.

Main Results:

• Multisectoral policies and healthy environment initiatives are foundational for primordial CKD prevention.
• Public health strategies targeting diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are cost-effective primary prevention measures.
• Tailored strategies are needed to address nontraditional CKD risk factors and local epidemiology.
• Early diagnosis and management of CKD risk factors are critical for primary prevention.
• Screening at-risk individuals is essential for effective secondary prevention and early CKD detection.
• Addressing healthcare access barriers and enhancing primary care support are vital for equitable CKD management.

Conclusions:

• A multi-pronged approach, integrating governance, public health interventions, and tailored clinical strategies, is essential for effective CKD prevention.
• Addressing socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health is crucial for reducing CKD disparities.
• Strengthening primary care's role in CKD risk identification and management is key to improving outcomes.