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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

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Programming Shape-Morphing Behavior of Liquid Crystal Elastomers via Parameter-Encoded 4D Printing.

Luquan Ren1, Bingqian Li1, Yulin He1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel 4D printing method using a single material. By adjusting printing parameters, site-specific shape-morphing behaviors like curling and self-assembly are achieved in liquid crystal elastomers.

Keywords:
3D printingparameter-encoded 4D printingprint pathprint speedsoft robotics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Conventional 4D printing relies on multi-material structures for site-specific attributes.
  • Programming complex shape-morphing behaviors often requires intricate designs and multiple components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new 4D printing programming approach enabling site-specific shape-morphing in a single material.
  • To demonstrate control over liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) behavior by regulating printing parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printer capable of dynamic parameter adjustments.
  • Manipulated printing speed and path to control local nematic arrangements in printed LCEs.
  • Investigated shape-morphing mechanisms using theoretical models and ultrasound imaging.

Main Results:

  • Achieved site-specific shape-morphing behaviors including popping-up, self-assembling, and oscillating effects.
  • Demonstrated snake-like curling by uniformly increasing print speed along a single line.
  • Successfully programmed gradient material properties within a single LCE material.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a versatile approach to programming complex shape-morphing in 4D printing using a single material.
  • This technique expands design possibilities for soft robotics and flexible electronics.
  • Regulating printing parameters provides a powerful tool for controlling LCE behavior.