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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

Real-time fMRI for brain-computer interfacing.

Bettina Sorger¹, Rainer Goebel¹

¹Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|March 14, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer high spatial resolution for decoding user intentions. Future technical advancements promise more natural communication through improved fMRI BCI systems.

Keywords:

(Real-time) functional magnetic resonance imaging BOLD signal Brain hemodynamics Brain-based communication and control Brain-computer interface Decoding Neural information encoding Neurofeedback

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Last Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

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Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

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Published on: August 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Cognitive Science

Background:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a valuable noninvasive tool.
fMRI offers unparalleled high spatial resolution and whole-brain coverage of brain activity, despite limitations like cost and portability.
This enables precise mapping of mental activities to specific brain regions and networks.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the capabilities and applications of fMRI-based BCIs.
To categorize the types of mental tasks successfully employed in fMRI BCIs.
To discuss the future potential and limitations of fMRI BCIs.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on fMRI BCI applications.
Classification of mental tasks used in fMRI BCIs into four categories: cognitive, language, imagery, and attention.
Discussion of technical and analytical advancements impacting fMRI BCI performance.

Main Results:

fMRI BCIs have successfully utilized various mental tasks, including cognitive, covert language, imagery, and selective attention.
The high spatial resolution of fMRI allows for detailed analysis of brain activation patterns.
The hemodynamic response limits ultimate spatial and temporal resolution, but advancements are ongoing.

Conclusions:

fMRI BCIs provide a unique window into brain activity for communication and intent decoding.
Diverse mental tasks can be effectively used with fMRI BCIs.
Ongoing technical and analytical improvements are expected to enhance the performance and naturalness of future fMRI BCIs.