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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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DIRS retrotransposons amplify via linear, single-stranded cDNA intermediates.

Marek Malicki1, Thomas Spaller2, Thomas Winckler2

  • 1Ribogenetics Biochemistry Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, DE 28759 Bremen, Germany.

Nucleic Acids Research
|March 15, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dictyostelium discoideum RNA interference machinery controls DIRS-1 retrotransposon mobilization. The internal complementary region (ICR) is essential for retrotransposition, which uses single-stranded cDNA intermediates.

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • DIRS-1 is a tyrosine recombinase retrotransposon amplified in Dictyostelium discoideum heterochromatin.
  • Its mobilization is linked to the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of DIRS-1 retrotransposition.
  • To elucidate the role of the internal complementary region (ICR) in DIRS-1 mobilization.
  • To characterize the intermediates involved in DIRS-1 retrotransposition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Dictyostelium discoideum mutants lacking RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RrpC) or Argonaute protein (AgnA).
  • Employed DIRS-1 constructs with retrotransposition marker genes to test ICR function.
  • Analyzed extrachromosomal cDNA intermediates produced by DIRS-1.

Main Results:

  • DIRS-1 mobilization is dependent on the RNAi machinery, specifically RrpC and AgnA.
  • The ICR is experimentally confirmed as essential for completing retrotransposition.
  • DIRS-1 generates single-stranded, linear extrachromosomal cDNA intermediates that can initiate retrotransposition.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first experimental evidence for a general retrotransposition mechanism in DIRS-like tyrosine recombinase retrotransposons.
  • Highlights the critical role of RNA interference in controlling mobile element activity in Dictyostelium.
  • Establishes the functional significance of the ICR and cDNA intermediates in the DIRS-1 life cycle.