A New Rehabilitative Mechanism in Primary Motor Cortex After Peripheral Trauma

Homuncular organization, i.e., the neuronal representation of the human body within the primary motor cortex, is one of the most fundamental principles of the human brain. Despite this, in rare peripheral nerve surgery patients, the transformation of a monofunctional (diaphragm activation) into a bifunctional motor area (diaphragm and arm activation is controlled by the same cortical area) has previously been demonstrated. The mechanisms behind this transformation are not fully known. To investigate this transformation of a monofunctional area we investigate functional connectivity changes in a unique and highly instructive pathophysiological patient model. These patients suffer from complete brachial plexus avulsion with arm paralysis and had been treated with reconnection of the end of the musculocutaneous nerve to the side of a fully functional phrenic nerve to regain function. Task-based functional connectivity between the arm representations and the diaphragm (phrenic nerve) representations were examined in six patients and 12 aged matched healthy controls at ultra-high field MRI while they either performed or tried isolated elbow flexion or conducted forced abdominal inspiration. Functional connectivity values are considerably increased between the diseased arm and the bilateral diaphragm areas while trying strong muscle tension in the diseased arm as compared to the healthy arm. This effect was not found as compared to the healthy arm in the patient group. This connectivity was stronger between ipsilateral than between corresponding contralateral brain regions. No corresponding differences were found in healthy subjects. Our data suggests that the increased functional connectivity between the deprived arm area and the diaphragm area drives biceps muscle function. From this findings we infer that this new rehabilitative mechanism in the primary motor cortex may establish new intrahemispheric connections within the brain and the motor cortex in particular to reroute the output of a completely denervated motor area. This study extend current knowledge about neuroplasticity within the motor cortex.