Biosynthetic Incorporation of Site-Specific Isotopes in β-Lactam Antibiotics Enables Biophysical Studies

A biophysical understanding of the mechanistic, chemical, and physical origins underlying antibiotic action and resistance is vital to the discovery of novel therapeutics and the development of strategies to combat the growing emergence of antibiotic resistance. The site-specific introduction of stable-isotope labels into chemically complex natural products is particularly important for techniques such as NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, imaging, and kinetic isotope effects. Toward this goal, we developed a biosynthetic strategy for the site-specific incorporation of ¹³C labels into the canonical β-lactam carbonyl of penicillin G and cefotaxime, the latter via cephalosporin C. This was achieved through sulfur-replacement with 1-¹³C-l-cysteine, resulting in high isotope incorporations and milligram-scale yields. Using ¹³C NMR and isotope-edited IR difference spectroscopy, we illustrate how these molecules can be used to interrogate interactions with their protein targets, e.g., TEM-1 β-lactamase. This method provides a feasible route to isotopically labeled penicillin and cephalosporin precursors for future biophysical studies.