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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality
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A Simple Video-Based Technique for Measuring Latency in Virtual Reality or Teleoperation.

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    This study presents a simple, low-cost method using a consumer camera to measure virtual reality (VR) system latency. This technique helps identify delays that impact user performance and cause simulator sickness.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality Systems
    • Measurement Techniques

    Background:

    • Virtual reality (VR) system designers must minimize delays between user actions and virtual environment responses.
    • These delays, known as end-to-end latency, negatively impact user performance and can induce simulator sickness.
    • Existing methods for latency measurement often require specialized hardware and software, limiting their applicability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a convenient and low-cost technique for measuring end-to-end latency in VR systems.
    • To enable latency measurement using readily available equipment, such as a consumer camera (e.g., cell phone camera).
    • To provide a method that can assess latency in specific hardware/software configurations and relevant performance environments.

    Main Methods:

    • The proposed technique utilizes a human evaluator and an ordinary consumer camera to capture user actions and system responses.
    • It avoids the need for specialized hardware or software, making it broadly accessible.
    • The method was experimentally validated to assess its achievable measurement accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • The experimental trial demonstrated a measurement uncertainty below 10 milliseconds (ms).
    • The technique proved effective in measuring end-to-end latencies in a practical setting.
    • Potential refinements were discussed to further enhance accuracy to approximately 1 ms.

    Conclusions:

    • A convenient, low-cost method for measuring VR system end-to-end latency has been developed.
    • This technique offers a practical alternative to specialized equipment, facilitating broader adoption.
    • Further refinements hold promise for achieving highly accurate latency measurements, crucial for optimizing VR experiences.