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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...

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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as A Novel Detection and Quantification Method

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as A Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

PNA-Based MicroRNA Detection Methodologies.

Enrico Cadoni¹, Alex Manicardi¹, Annemieke Madder¹

¹Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 18, 2020

Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial for cell regulation, and their abnormal levels are linked to diseases like cancer. This review highlights peptide nucleic acid (PNA) methods for sensitive miRNA detection, aiding biomarker development.

Keywords:

colorimetric detection electrochemical biosensors fluorescence light-triggered microRNA nanoparticles peptide nucleic acid (PNA)templated reactions

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally.
Physiological miRNA levels are vital for organism homeostasis; dysregulation is implicated in cancer and other diseases.
miRNAs are increasingly recognized as significant biomarkers for various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biogenesis of miRNAs.
To discuss the importance of targeting miRNAs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
To present a comprehensive overview of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based detection methods for miRNAs.

Main Methods:

Overview of miRNA biogenesis pathways.
Exploration of various PNA-based hybridization strategies.
Discussion of detection techniques including electrochemical, fluorescence, and colorimetric assays.

Main Results:

PNA-based assays enable sensitive detection of miRNAs at biologically relevant concentrations.
These methods offer promising alternatives for miRNA biomarker quantification.
The review provides a broad spectrum of PNA approaches for miRNA detection.

Conclusions:

Peptide nucleic acids offer a robust platform for developing sensitive and specific miRNA detection tools.
PNA-based assays are valuable for advancing miRNA research and clinical diagnostics.
Targeting and detecting miRNAs with PNA technology holds significant potential for understanding and combating diseases.