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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

557
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
557
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

505
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
505
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

581
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
581
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

757
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
757
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

1.1K
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
1.1K
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

725
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
725

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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PURL: NPH insulin: It remains a good option.

Ben Arthur1, Ashley Smith1, Nick Bennett1

  • 1Madigan Family Medicine Residency, JBLM/Tacoma, WA, USA.

The Journal of Family Practice
|March 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin is as effective as more expensive basal insulin analogs for diabetes management. This finding suggests NPH insulin offers a cost-effective alternative for patients requiring basal insulin therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacoeconomics

Background:

  • Basal insulin analogs are commonly used for diabetes management.
  • Cost can be a significant barrier to insulin access and adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin with basal insulin analogs.
  • To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of NPH insulin.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study design was employed.
  • Efficacy was assessed through glycemic control metrics.
  • Cost analysis was performed.

Main Results:

  • NPH insulin demonstrated comparable efficacy to basal insulin analogs in managing blood glucose levels.
  • NPH insulin was found to be significantly cheaper than basal insulin analogs.

Conclusions:

  • NPH insulin provides a viable and cost-effective option for basal insulin therapy.
  • Healthcare providers and patients should consider NPH insulin as an affordable alternative.