Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Undercut Anchor Group Effect in Rock Cone Failure

An objective of this study was to investigate the group effect in rock cone failure occurring in pull-out with the use of 3D finite element analysis. At present, undercut anchors are typically applied as structural fasteners of steel elements in concrete buildings; however, new areas for their use are being explored. The reported study set out to evaluate the use of undercut anchors in special-purpose rock mining, e.g., in mining rescue operations. In such emergencies, mechanical mining may prove impossible, whereas the use of explosives is even prohibited. Although manual methods could be considered, their effectiveness is hard to assess. Prior to considering the use of undercut anchors in mining, several aspects must essentially be determined: The mechanics of cone failure, including the extent of surface failure and the values of the pull-out force of the anchor for a given rock mass relative to the anchor system, the embedment depth, or the rock strength parameters. These factors may be investigated successfully using finite element analysis, the results of which are presented in the study.