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Related Concept Videos

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Refractory Celiac Disease.

Isabel A Hujoel1, Joseph A Murray2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.

Current Gastroenterology Reports
|March 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Refractory celiac disease (RCD) management is evolving. Recent findings illuminate the pathophysiology of type II RCD, identifying targets like interleukin-15 for novel therapies, though morbidity remains significant.

Keywords:
BudesonideEnteropathy-associated T cell lymphomaFlow cytometryIL-15Ulcerative jejunitis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a rare but serious complication of celiac disease.
  • Type I RCD has an uncertain pathophysiology, while Type II RCD involves aberrant T-cell proliferation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of refractory celiac disease.
  • To emphasize recent literature and advancements in understanding RCD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent publications.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Examination of pathophysiological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Advances in understanding Type II RCD pathophysiology, highlighting the role of interleukin-15 (IL-15).
  • Identification of somatic mutations in JAK1 or STAT3 contributing to aberrant T-cell proliferation in Type II RCD.
  • Development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting IL-15 and associated molecular pathways, with one therapy in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Despite significant morbidity and mortality, recent insights into Type II RCD pathophysiology offer promising therapeutic avenues.
  • Further investigation of novel therapies targeting IL-15 and related pathways is warranted for refractory celiac disease.